![]() ![]() On the other hand, a good agreement with the predicted formulas was found for the reflection coefficient. The comparison revealed that the literature equations tended to underestimate the transmission coefficient due to the critical condition represented by a zero free-board breakwater. Cross section of the Sirevåg berm breakwater. The data for the transmission and reflection coefficients were compared with literature equations. The conventional rubble mound breakwater is what we may call a 'demand-based-design' while a berm breakwater is a 'supply-based-design', Smarason et al (2000). Along the leeward side, the current profiles have an offshore direction close to the bottom and a shoreward direction close to the free surface where the reduction of the water depth induced an acceleration of the flow, influenced by the overtopping: the excess of water in the leeward zone flows back through the gap. Results include flow patterns on the seaward and leeward side of the breakwater for both wave conditions, as well as transmission and reflection coefficients. Measurements include surface elevation time series, as well as three-dimensional velocity time series of the flow around the physical model. Two wave conditions were examined: one with an offshore wave height of 2 m(Case A) and one with the maximum annual characteristic offshore wave height(Case B), as they were calculated in prototype scale. Wave Run-up and Overtopping 22 5.1 Introduction 22 5.2 Run-up Determination 22 5.3 Run-up in Relation to Breakwater Design 24 5.4 Conclusions about Run-up 25 5.5 Wave Overtopping 25 5.6 Wave Transmission 26 6. For the design of the rock armor layer of the physical model, the van der Meer's hydraulic stability formula was applied. Rubble Mound Breakwaters 20 4.1 Definition 20 4.2 Two Distinct Types 20 4.3 Basic Construction Principles 21 5. The physical model of scale factor 1/30, was designed in such a way so it resembles part of a system of detached breakwaters located parallel to the shoreline, in a coast of constant slope 1/15, assuming Froude similarity. In the present study, the flow induced by waves around a physical model of a detached low crested rubble mound breakwater is investigated experimentally. Nowadays low crested breakwaters -rubble barriers constructed with their crest level close to the still water depth - are preferred than emerged ones, since they guarantee better water circulation, less maintenance costs and greater environmental harmonization. ![]() Coastal structures are usually designed for shoreline protection and defense of recreational activities. ![]()
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